Why spay or neuter your dog? Jerry Klein: Prevent unplanned puppies. This can bring unwanted canine visitors to your yard and might produce a litter of unplanned puppies.
Having a litter is expensive and involves a lot of time and energy on your part. The bitch will require veterinary care during pregnancy. Delivery can sometimes be difficult and involve costly surgery or result in the loss of the bitch or puppies.
The litter will also require veterinary care and shots after birth. On top of that, finding good homes for puppies can be very difficult. Spaying and neutering is a responsible way to prevent accidental breeding resulting in unwanted puppies. Reduction of certain health risks. Spaying or neutering can lead to a reduction in certain health risks for both female and male dogs.
Unspayed females can develop a painful and life-threatening infection of the uterus called pyometra. Unspayed females are also at a higher risk of mammary tumors than females that have been spayed. Neutering a male dog prevents testicular cancer and reduces the risk of other problems, such as prostate disease. A neutered male dog might also have less desire to roam. Risk of prostate cancer also differs among breeds.
Lymphoma is a type of cancer that has been studied in association with spaying and neutering with a wide variety of results. One study showed more cases of lymphoma in intact males, neutered males and spayed females than in intact females.
Studies in German Shepherds and Labrador Retrievers showed no increased risk of lymphoma in neutered males or spayed females. A study in Golden Retrievers showed no increased risk of lymphoma with spaying at any age, but found an increased risk in males neutered before 1 year of age.
Mast cell tumours have a varying prognosis depending on tumour grade and location. Breed of dog plays a role in risk, regardless of spay or neuter status.
There have been studies that indicate that spayed females may have a higher risk than intact females, but the age of spaying was not taken into consideration. Hemangiosarcoma is a serious cancer of dogs. Neutering of males of all breeds studied does not increase risk of this cancer, other than one study in Vizslas in which males that were neutered after 1 year of age were at increased risk.
Studies in female Vizslas and Golden Retrievers showed increased risk for hemangiosarcoma when spayed after 1 year of age. Golden Retrievers spayed when more than 1 year old were 4x more likely to develop this cancer than intact females and females spayed before 6 months of age. Another, follow-up study in Golden Retrievers of both sexes showed no increased risk at all with spaying. Spaying and neutering does not cause increased risk for this type of cancer in Labrador Retrievers or German Shepherds.
Osteosarcoma is the most common type of bone cancer in dogs. Large and giant breed dogs have increased risk of this type of cancer. One study that did not look at age of spaying and neutering found increased risk in both males and females over their intact counterparts.
A study in Rottweilers showed increased risk for both sexes if they were spayed or neutered before 1 year of age. A study in German Shepherds showed no increased risk with neutering regardless of age. Orthopedic Problems Orthopedic diseases such as Cranial Cruciate Ligament CCL or ACL injuries and hip dysplasia are not inherently life threatening but they can have significant impact on quality of life and can have financial implications if surgical repair is required.
Hip dysplasia : Genetics is the biggest factor in whether or not a dog develops hip dysplasia. Studies in Golden Retrievers showed a slightly increased risk in males neutered before 1 year of age and a slight increased risk for Boxers with no relation to what age they were spayed or neutered. There is no relationship between spaying and neutering and hip dysplasia in German Shepherds. Cranial cruciate ligament injuries are very common.
These injuries have been linked with trauma, aging, obesity, the shape of the leg, the angle of the stifle joint and degeneration of the ligament. Studies have shown an increased risk of CCL injuries in spayed and neutered dogs, but the incidence varied widely among breeds. One study that looked at Golden Retrievers found an increased risk with spaying, but the age at time of spaying didn't matter.
A study in German Shepherds found that those spayed and neutered before 1 year of age had an increased risk over intact males and females but did not compare for those spayed and neutered at over 1 year of age.
So we are unsure if waiting to spay and neuter when dogs are a little older i. Behavioural Problems Spaying and neutering can help prevent or eliminate some behaviours including roaming, hormonal aggression, urine marking and mounting behaviour in males. Male issues - Prostatitis and Prostatic Enlargement Neutering males reduces the risk of prostate enlargement, prostatic cysts and infections.
Female issues - Pyometra, Pregnancy, Urinary Incontinence Pyometra is a potentially life threatening infection of the uterus that is fairly common in intact females. Obesity Most studies show that weight gain occurs after spaying and neutering. Anesthesia and Surgery Complications Spaying and neutering are elective surgical procedures and the risk of anesthetic and surgical complications must be considered along with the other risks and benefits of the procedures.
A note on pediatric spays and neuters: This is when spaying or neutering is done at a very young age - as young as 2 or 3 months of age. What it all boils down to: The risks and benefits associated with age of spaying and neutering is an area that is continuing to evolve and as new information becomes available current recommendations will be revisited and reassessed.
We recommend that both male and female dogs are neutered castrated for males and spayed for females from four months of age on health grounds. We base this recommendation on the best scientific evidence available.
Castration will prevent your dog from being able to mate with a female dog, resulting in pregnancy, and it also may curtail undesirable behaviour.
We also recommend that your pet is protected against lungworm before his surgery and we suggest applying Advocate treatment at least one month before his surgery is booked. However, if during the surgery we find any abnormality of the womb, we will undertake a full OVH at no extra charge and it should be noted that this may be more likely in older pets. We also recommend that your pet is protected against lungworm before her surgery and we suggest applying Advocate treatment at least one month before the date or her surgery.
There was no occurrence of UI in intact or spayed females. Reflecting the increased risk of joint disorders for males, the suggested guideline for neutering males is delaying neutering until well-beyond 2 years.
Lacking a significant occurrence of increased joint disorders or cancers in neutered females, those wishing to neuter should decide on the appropriate age. The study population was intact males, 85 neutered males, 88 intact females, and spayed females for a total of cases. The occurrence of one or more of the cancers followed in intact males was 2 percent and none for females left intact. For males, there was a significant increased risk in one or more of the cancers to 13 percent with neutering at 6—11 mo.
UI was reported in just one spayed female. The suggested guideline for neutering, given the significant risk of cancers, is holding off neutering of both sexes until beyond a year of age.
The study population was 75 intact males, 67 neutered males, 54 intact females, and 96 spayed females for a total of cases. None of the intact or neutered males or females was diagnosed with one or more joint disorders. For females, 2 percent of intact females had one or more of the cancers and with spaying, there was no evident increase of cancers.
UI was 2 percent in early-spayed females. In light of the significant increase in cancers in males with neutering through 11 months of age, the suggested guideline for males is delaying neutering to beyond a year of age. The study population was intact males, neutered males, intact females, and spayed females, for a sample size of cases.
Males and females left intact had just a 2 percent occurrence of joint disorders, with neutered males and females showing no apparent increase in this measure. The occurrence of one or more of the cancers followed in intact males was 17 percent, and for intact females, 11 percent.
The same pattern of increase in cancers was seen in spaying females with up to 20 percent of females having one or more of the cancers with spaying done before 2 years, an increase that was not significant, but with an expanded database may have been. There was no occurrence of MC in intact females.
PYO was diagnosed in 2 percent of intact females. Just 1 percent of spayed females were diagnosed with UI. Given the risk of increased cancers, the suggested guideline for both sexes is to delay neutering until beyond 2 years of age. The study population was intact males, neutered males, 90 intact females, and spayed females for a sample of cases. The occurrence of joint disorders in intact males was 7 percent and 5 percent in intact females.
The cancers followed occurred at the 6 to 7 percent level in intact males and females. There were no significant increases above this with neutering males or females. The occurrence of MC in females left intact was 1 percent and 2 percent with spaying at 2—8 years. Lacking a significant occurrence of increased joint disorders or cancers in neutered males or females, those wishing to neuter should decide on the appropriate age, but some people may wish to be cautious in view of the possible apparent risk in joint disorders.
The study population was 51 intact males, 72 neutered males, 87 intact females, and 76 spayed females, for a sample size of cases.
For males and females left intact, the occurrences of one or more joint disorders were just 4 and 1 percent, respectively, and for both sexes neutering was not associated with any increase in this measure. The occurrences of cancers in intact males were 2 percent and zero for intact females. For both sexes neutering was not associated with any increase in this measure.
The occurrence of MC in females left intact was zero. The occurrence of PYO was 2 percent in intact females. There was no occurrence of UI in spayed females. Lacking a noticeable occurrence of increased joint disorders or cancers in neutered males or females, those wishing to neuter should decide on the appropriate age.
The study population was intact males, neutered males, intact females, and spayed females for a total sample of 1, cases. For both males and females, neither those left intact, nor those neutered at any age had a noteworthy occurrence of a joint disorder. The occurrence of MC in females left intact was 1 percent, and in females neutered at 2—8 mo. In intact females, PYO was diagnosed in 2 percent.
There was no UI diagnosed in any of the spayed females. Lacking a noticeable occurrence of increased joint disorders or cancers with neutering in either sex, those wishing to neuter should decide on the appropriate age. The study population was 71 intact males, neutered males, 61 intact females, and spayed females, for a sample size of cases. The occurrence of at least one joint disorder was seen in 1 to 3 percent of the intact males and females.
Spaying females was not associated with an increase in joint disorders. The occurrence of one or more of the cancers followed was 6 percent in intact males with no increase with neutering. None of the spayed females developed UI. The suggested guideline for males is neutering beyond 6 months of age.
Given the increased cancer risk for females spayed at a year of age, the suggested guideline is delaying spaying until beyond 2 years of age. The study population was 29 intact males, 26 neutered males, 24 intact females, and 37 spayed females, for a sample size of cases. The occurrence of at least one joint disorder was seen in 7 percent of the intact males and in none of the intact females. None of the neutered males or females had a noteworthy occurrence of a joint disorder. The occurrence of one or more of the cancers followed was 11 percent for intact males and none for the intact females.
Of females spayed at 6—11 mo. Lacking a noticeable occurrence of increased joint disorders or cancers in neutered males, those wishing to neuter a male should decide on the appropriate age. The study population was 42 intact males, 78 neutered males, 50 intact females, and 70 spayed females, for a total sample size of cases. Although these are two breeds, they vary only a little in size, so these two breeds are combined for statistical analyses and display of data.
The occurrence of at least one joint disorder in intact males was 5 percent and for intact females 6 percent. There was no significant increase in this measure in males or females with neutering. This is one of the breeds where intervertebral disc disorders are a concern, and in 3 percent of intact males and 8 percent of intact females, IDD was reported. In males neutered before 6 months, the occurrence of IDD reached 18 percent, and in females there was no increase with neutering.
The occurrence of one or more of the cancers followed was 5 percent in intact males and 6 percent in intact females. In neutered males and females, there was no evident increase in cancers. There was no diagnosis of UI in spayed females. Lacking a noticeable occurrence of increased joint disorders, IDD, or cancers with neutering females, those wishing to neuter a female should decide on the appropriate age. The study population was intact males, neutered males, 99 intact females, and spayed females, for a total sample size of cases.
Joint disorders were basically absent in males and females, left intact or neutered. This is a breed plagued by intervertebral disc disorders, and in this sample 53 percent of intact males and 38 percent of intact females were diagnosed with a form of IDD. There was no evident increase in this measure with neutering of males or females. The study population was intact males, 91 neutered males, 53 intact females, and spayed females, for a sample size of cases.
The percentage of intact males with at least one joint disorder was 2 percent and 0 percent for intact females. There was no evident increase in this measure with neutering males.
For females, spaying within 11 months resulted in an increase in joint disorders of 11 percent, which did not reach significance. The occurrence of one or more of the cancers followed for both intact males and intact females was 2 percent. In neutered males at the 1 year and 2—8 year periods, there was a non-significant increase in occurrence of cancers to 6 percent and 13 percent, respectively.
For females, there was no noteworthy increase in cancers with spaying at any time. The occurrence of MC in females left intact was 2 percent and 4 percent for those spayed at 2—8 years. There was a 7 percent occurrence of PYO in intact females. The suggested guideline, based on fragmentary results, for males is to leave the male intact or neuter before 1 year of age to avoid the possible increased risk of cancers seen in those neutered beyond a year of age.
For females, the suggested guideline, also based on limited data, given the risk of UI in early spayed females, and the possible increased risk of a joint disorder, is to consider delaying spaying until beyond 2 years of age. The study population was 52 intact males, 57 neutered males, 37 intact females, and 66 spayed females for a total sample of cases.
In males and females left intact, the occurrence of one or more joint disorders was 5 and 8 percent, respectively. Among males and females neutered at various ages, there were no noteworthy increases in joint disorders. The cancers followed occurred in the intact males and females at a 6 percent level, and neutering at any age was not associated with any evident increase in this measure in either sex.
In intact females, MC was diagnosed in 6 percent, and for those spayed at 2—8 years, 15 percent. PYO was not reported in any of the intact females. Spaying females at 6—11 mo. For females, given the increased risk of UI in those spayed before 1 year, the suggested guideline is to delay spaying until a year of age. The study population was intact males, neutered males, intact females, and spayed females for a total of 1, cases. In males and females left intact, the occurrence of one or more joint disorders was 6 and 5 percent, respectively.
The occurrence of one or more of the cancers followed for intact males and females was 3 percent and 2 percent, respectively. Neutering at the various ages was not associated with any appreciable increased risk in cancers followed. The occurrence of MC in intact females was 5 percent and for those spayed at 2—8 years, 6 percent. Of intact females, 3 percent were reported with PYO. The suggested guideline for males, given the risks of joint disorders, is delaying neutering until over 2 years of age.
For females, with the same joint issues as males plus the risks of UI, the suggested guideline is delaying spaying until over 2 years of age. In intact males and females, the level of occurrence of one or more joint disorders was 5 percent and 4 percent, respectively.
The occurrence of one or more of the cancers followed in intact males was a high 15 percent and for intact females 5 percent. The occurrence of MC in intact females was 1 percent and for those spayed at 2—8 years, 4 percent. No cases of UI were reported in females spayed at any age. The suggested guideline for males, based on the increased risks of joint disorders and cancers, is delaying neutering until beyond a year of age.
The suggested guideline for females, based on the increased occurrence of cancers at all spaying ages, is leaving the female intact or spaying at one year and remaining vigilant for the cancers. The study population was 90 intact males, neutered males, 69 intact females, and 91 spayed females for a total sample of cases. This is a giant breed where one might expect a high risk of joint disorders.
However, both intact males and females have low levels of joint disorders, just 1 and 2 percent, respectively. For both males and females, there was no evident increase in this measure with neutering. The occurrence of one or more of the cancers followed in intact males was 6 percent and for intact females, 3 percent. There was no evident increase in this measure of cancers with neutering in either sex. In early-spayed females, no UI was reported. However, given the large body size, and physiology of late musculoskeletal development, neutering well-beyond year 1 should be considered.
The study population was 30 intact males, 19 neutered males, 21 intact females, and 16 spayed females for a total of 86 cases.
Even with the small number of cases, this breed was chosen for analyses because of the large body size: challenging the Great Dane for height, and where one might expect an increased risk of joint disorders. In this sample, 7 percent of intact males and none of the intact females had a joint disorder. No joint disorders were seen in neutered males or females. With the intact males and females, the incidences of one or more cancers were 8 percent and 21 percent, respectively.
There was no evident increase in cancers in neutered females above the relatively high level in intact females. There was no occurrence of MC in intact females or those spayed late. The suggested guidelines for males given the increased occurrence of cancers around at ages 1—2 years, is neutering beyond 2 years.
However, given the large body size, and physiology of late musculoskeletal development, some may want to consider neutering females well-beyond year 1. The study population was 92 intact males, 87 neutered males, 84 intact females, and spayed females for a total sample of cases.
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